A comprehensive update of the leading algorithms text, with new material on matchings in bipartite graphs, online algorithms, machine learning, and other topics.
Some books on algorithms are rigorous but incomplete; others cover masses of material but lack rigor. Introduction to Algorithms uniquely combines rigor and comprehensiveness. It covers a broad range of algorithms in depth, yet makes their design and analysis accessible to all levels of readers, with self-contained chapters and algorithms in pseudocode. Since the publication of the first edition, Introduction to Algorithms has become the leading algorithms text in universities worldwide as well as the standard reference for professionals. This fourth edition has been updated throughout.
New for the fourth edition
New chapters on matchings in bipartite graphs, online algorithms, and machine learningNew material on topics including solving recurrence equations, hash tables, potential functions, and suffix arrays140 new exercises and 22 new problemsReader feedback–informed improvements to old problemsClearer, more personal, and gender-neutral writing styleColor added to improve visual presentationNotes, bibliography, and index updated to reflect developments in the fieldWebsite with new supplementary material
Warning: Avoid counterfeit copies of Introduction to Algorithms by buying only from reputable retailers. Counterfeit and pirated copies are incomplete and contain errors.
Publisher : The MIT Press
Publication date : April 5, 2022
Edition : 4th
Language : English
Print length : 1312 pages
ISBN-10 : 026204630X
ISBN-13 : 978-0262046305
Item Weight : 5.82 pounds
Dimensions : 8.38 x 2.25 x 9.31 inches
Best Sellers Rank: #44,013 in Books (See Top 100 in Books) #1 in Computer Algorithms #2 in Programming Algorithms #6 in Computer Programming Languages
Customer Reviews: 4.4 4.4 out of 5 stars (751) var dpAcrHasRegisteredArcLinkClickAction; P.when(‘A’, ‘ready’).execute(function(A) { if (dpAcrHasRegisteredArcLinkClickAction !== true) { dpAcrHasRegisteredArcLinkClickAction = true; A.declarative( ‘acrLink-click-metrics’, ‘click’, { “allowLinkDefault”: true }, function (event) { if (window.ue) { ue.count(“acrLinkClickCount”, (ue.count(“acrLinkClickCount”) || 0) + 1); } } ); } }); P.when(‘A’, ‘cf’).execute(function(A) { A.declarative(‘acrStarsLink-click-metrics’, ‘click’, { “allowLinkDefault” : true }, function(event){ if(window.ue) { ue.count(“acrStarsLinkWithPopoverClickCount”, (ue.count(“acrStarsLinkWithPopoverClickCount”) || 0) + 1); } }); });
10 reviews for Introduction to Algorithms, fourth edition
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Original price was: $150.00.$85.99Current price is: $85.99.


Bryan –
The definitive formal academic textbook on the subject.
This is an extremely high quality formal academic textbook on the subject of algorithms in computer science. This book likely gets assigned in many upper division or graduate level classes on the subject. For example, it has formal academic proofs of all of its claims about algorithms up front, and it is filled with exercises that are clearly intended to be completed by students. This is a formal and rigorous high level academic textbook, really serious stuff.The pseudo code is excellent, top notch, it makes even very complex algorithms readable. The pseudo code is close-ish to python in style, but the discussion of the algorithms more broadly is clearly written by people coming from a background in C/C++ since they reference pointers frequently during their explanations. The pseudo code is good enough that it could likely be used as is.The book I got was clearly freshly printed, it smelled as though the ink had just dried and one of the pages still needed to be separated at the bottom from another. So if you buy new, you might get a book that has just been printed, which is pretty cool. The printing (at least the hard cover) is very high quality, full color, glossy pages. There are some minor printing mistakes, but this is like a 1000+ page book, so the fact that 99% of it is perfect is pretty awesome.This covers virtually every common algorithm, and even includes mention and brief discussion of rare algorithms and variations of common algorithms. It’s 1000+ pages, and I get the feeling that they packed in as much as they possibly could.I would love if they would release a second volume because they just didn’t have room here to discuss everything. Like they mention a ton of variations of algorithms that they just don’t have the time to explore. For example, I’d love to have a whole section dedicated to self balancing binary trees. They cover the most common self balancing binary tree algorithms, but they briefly mention and discuss at least 5-10 other related algorithms that I would love to see covered in depth.Likewise, I would love for a second volume to cover computational geometry, which is absent from this book. I totally get why they didn’t include it, it’s a whole field in and of itself, and this book is already 1000+ pages, and this book covers almost literally every other major algorithm and problem. That’s why I hold out hope, not for a revised edition, but for a second volume that covers the stuff that this one didn’t have time for.This book is a formal academic textbook. It’s not an intro level text. You need to know your stuff before reading it. It doesn’t try to be particularly easy to read, but nor does make the subjects seem overly complex. It’s just a rigorous academic look at algorithms, like you’d expect in an upper level college course. Could it be written in a simpler style? Sure, but I feel like the market for this book is classrooms and academics, that kind of thing. It’s still very readable as long as you know your stuff, just don’t go in expecting intro level material. This is the opposite of intro level.If you are a software engineer, you pretty much owe it to yourself to own this book. This is the definitive textbook on the subject of algorithms. I really, really hope they release a second volume that covers all the algorithms that they only mention in this work. This work is very comprehensive, don’t get me wrong. It covers pretty much every major algorithm that you’d want to know, with the obvious exception of computational geometry. It even covers the NP-Hard problems, it really is comprehensive. I just want all the more obscure algorithms too!Publishers and authors if you’re listening, please release a second volume of this awesome book that covers everything you couldn’t fit in this one!
RAVINDRA RANWALA –
The best book in the field of Algorithms
The bible for learning algorithms. Highly recommended for anyone who is serious in learning algorithms. Concepts are clearly explained with proofs. Exercises and chapter end problems were really interesting and challenging, guiding students to think algorithmically. This is the best book in the field. Authors also reachable and helpful as and when needed. Some of the mathematical contents used in the proofs are clearly explained in the Appendix section.Just writing some code to solve the problem is not sufficient at all. We should be able to solve the problem optimally, thinking out of the box while challenging the orthodox thinking and proving the correctness and analyzing the running time of the solution mathematically. This book covers all of them in one go.However, there’s a public controversy claiming that this edition is not significantly different from the previous one. In fact, the differences from the previous edition are clearly stated at the beginning of the book. As of my observation thus far, it is significantly different from the previous edition. They have introduced many new exercises and chapter end problems while removing just a few of them. The contents in elementary graph algorithms are slightly different as they are phrased differently from the previous one. Greedy algorithms chapter has significant changes. Apart from that, you have colored illusrtations in this edition. So, after all, there’s a significant difference from the previous edition as of my observation.The only downside I see is in the binding which is not that good in the fourth edition compared to the previous third edition. Nevertheless, It’s well worth the payoff ! Go ahead and read it without any hesitations !
kellen –
Excellent book for explaining algorithms
I’m taking a computer algorithms class from a professor who actually wrote a book on algorithms. It’s tough and I’m super confused. I got this Intro to Algorithms textbook to help explain what the professor thinks is obvious. This book has been really helpful. The book is huge and it covers a lot but it doesn’t assume you already know the material the way a lot of other algorithm textbooks do. It explains complex topics very well and is a great book for those of us CS majors who don’t immediately understand algorithms. I recommend this book even if you don’t have to get it just as a reference for computer science majors. Understanding algorithms is critical for computer science jobs, if just to get past the interview stage and get a job, so I’m glad to have this book as a reference.
Michael Day –
This book is for people who love math notation and theory.
I hate this book with the kind of deep hatred reserved for the kid who beat me up and took my lunch money back in grade school, because that is what this book reminds me of – a big bully slapping me around with all of its math notation and theory.If you are the kind of person who loves math notation, can implicitly understand “abuses” of notation, likes to write proofs in your sleep, then this is your book. Mere mortals who love programming and looking to get a better understanding of algorithms should avoid this book at all cost – it’s a lot of money to pay for something that’ll wind up on the bookshelf.However, I’m going to give this book a good rating.Hey, just because I don’t want to spend my days obsessing about logarithms, recurrences, recursion trees, and theorems doesn’t mean the content of this book isn’t great.
DuckLiz –
Best book
Best book
Nuno C. Inácio –
This book is often hailed as “The” algorithm book, and with good reason. It has been on my wish list ever since I saw it at my uni’s library some 20+ years ago. With the 4th edition having been recently launched I finally decided to buy it.It combines a good variety of algorithms with rigorous mathematical analysis of said algorithms. It will teach you how algorithms are developed and how to analyze an algorithm’s performance.I would not recommend this for someone who is beginning their programming journey. There are other books and online resources which are more suited for a beginner who just wants to learn some algorithm programming without all the math stuff.This works great as a reference, although nothings stop you from reading it back to back. But it will take a long time, particularly if you invest yourself into understanding all the underlying details.
Priyanshu Patidar –
I recently started reading this book, and it has proven to be an invaluable resource for enhancing my understanding of algorithms.Positive:This book is exceptionally well-organized and covers a wide range of topics related to algorithms, making it suitable for both beginners and experienced programmers. The explanations are clear and detailed, accompanied by practical examples that help clarify complex concepts. The authors do a great job of breaking down algorithms into manageable parts, making it easier to grasp how they function and where they can be applied.The exercises at the end of each chapter are particularly beneficial for reinforcing the material and testing your understanding. The book strikes a good balance between theoretical insights and practical applications, providing a well-rounded perspective that is advantageous for anyone looking to enhance their programming skills.Additionally, its comprehensive nature makes it an excellent reference for future projects. Whether you’re studying for exams or addressing real-world programming challenges, this book is a valuable addition to your library.Overall:”Introduction to Algorithms” is a highly recommended resource for anyone interested in computer science and programming. Its depth, clarity, and practical approach make it essential for mastering algorithms.
mikael englund –
Do not buy this is illegal product much smaller than it supposed to be less pages and lots of weird fonts and double print and bad pages.This is stolen from mit press and Amazon should be ashamed to sell this. I asked for a legitimate copy but Amazon refuses
Robert AJ Bogan –
I’m a middle-aged self-studying aspiring SWE, and had read that ‘CLRS’ aka ‘Introduction to Algorithms’ is essential reading. Despite it being a long time since I’ve tried seriously studying from any textbook, I find this book very accessible as a learner. The information is laid out clearly and coherently with excellent visual aids. The content, while obviously challenging, is thoroughly absorbable and engaging. I’m using this as an aid to some online algorithms courses, and the depth and quality of writing here really helps to accentuate (and occasionally outshine) even the top-tier e-learning content.The only difficulties experienced so far are in reading through and attempting to understand some of the more mathematical proofs – although that is laziness on my part, the appendices section looks like it will be very helpful in bringing a rusty mind back up to speed with mathematical lexicon.The only minor criticism is merely a conflict with the authors’ collection assertion to avoid providing solutions – seemingly on the basis that students might be find the compulsion to look up sample answers to the problems an irresistible temptation! Perhaps the lazy or poorly motivated would do so – and would certainly end up rewarded with the diminishing benefits and future struggle that that specific attitude would deserve.However, those learners who are prepared to put in the mileage of a good 30 minute attempt at a tougher problem should be able to verify if their own work is correct – and get an idea of where they might be going wrong. Personally, not having the luxury or privilege to access a lecturer, instructor, or mentor (and with the sending of solutions not being encouraged), it is sometimes frustrating – although there are obviously large numbers GitHub accounts which are starting to farm out ‘tentative solutions’ for every problem in the book. It is difficult and frustrating to try and elucidate what solutions are worthwhile in looking at when struggling – and it would be more convenient to compare my own attempts with answers from a credible source.Anyway, apart from that minor (extended) quibble, I would encourage anyone who is learning about algorithms to make purchasing and working through this book their number one priority!
gr3gory 😜 –
Une référence en la matière mais il est bon de savoir que les maths vous seront utiles pour en tirer pleinement partie